Radio apparatus



Jan. 3, 1939. E. G. LINDER 2,142,648

RADIO APPARATUS Original Filed Aug. 51, 1933 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 x v a I 4 GENLQATOK Race/van GENERATOR RECEIVER 7 RECEJf/ER l 9 1 1 i l GENERATOR .l'nuamfMs Ernest amn 7 QM W Jan. 3, 1939. E. G. LINDER 2,142,648

RADIO APPARATUS Original Filed Aug. 51, 1933 5 Sheets-Sheet. 2

GE/ViRATOE GENERATOR 92 GE/WERATOAZ g5 E. G. LINDER RADIO APPARATUS Jan. 3, 1939.

Original Filed Aug. 31, 1933 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 TUBE OIIERE NT Patented Jan. 3, 1939 UNITED STATESFPATENT OFFICE RADIO APPARATUS Ernest G. Linder, Philadelphia, Pa., assignor to Radio Corporation of America, New York, N. Y., a corporation of Delaware Original application August 31, 1933, Serial No. 687,544, now Patent No. 2,047,930, dated July 14, 1936. Divided and this application June 9,

1936, Serial No. 84,282

8 Claims.

My invention relates to radio apparatus and particularly to means for modulating and demodulating radio energy having a short wave length.

This application is a division of my U. 8,

Patent No. 2,047,930, which issued on application Ser. No. 687,544, 'filed August 31, 1933.

While there are many advantages in'the use of such radio energy, it is difficult to modulate it to the desired degree without changing its wave length. In other words, instead of 0btaining a pure amplitude modulation, both amplitude and frequency modulation are obtained.

It is also difllcult to receive radio energy having a very short wave length because a slight variation in the frequency of the received energy prevents the energy from passing through the tuned circuit of the receiver.

It has been discovered that the difliculty in modulating such energy can be overcome by intercepting the path of the radio waves by means of a device which is electrically independent of the high frequency generator and by varying the 25 electrical or mechanical characteristics, or both,

of this device in accordance with a signal. Such a system is described and claimed in U. 8. Patent No. 2,078,302, which issued to Irving Wolff on application Ser. No. 687,599, filed August 31, 1933, 30 and is assigned to the same assignee as this application.

An object of my invention is to provide an improved method and means for modulating high frequency radio energy in a system of the above- 85 mentioned type.

More specifically, an object of my invention is to provide an improved method and means for providing a high percentage of modulation of radio energy at very short wave lengths without 40 producing frequency variations therein. 7

A further object of my invention is to provide means for transmitting a sharp beam of modulated radio energy.

I A still further object of my invention is to provide an improved receiving device forhigh frequency radio energy.

In practicing my invention, I improve upon the system disclosed in the above-mentioned 5o Wolfi patent by interposing a region of free electric charges in the path of a radio wave and controlling a condition of said region in accordance with a signal, whereby the radio wave is modulated. Specifically, I prefer to interpose is a region of ionized gas in the path of the radio wave and to vary the degree or character of ionization in accordance with a signal.

I also avoid the use of a tuned receiver circuit and the consequent difflculty in tuning by utilizing an electric discharge device positioned at the 5 receiver in the path of an incoming signal.

Other features and advantages of my invention will appear from the following description when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in'which Figures 1 to '7 are schematic diagrams of embodiments of my invention utilizing a beam of radio energy;

Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of my invention in which the radio energy is broadcast instead of being concentrated into a beam;

Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of a modified form of the invention as illustrated in Fig. 8;

Figs. 10 to 17 are views showing various forms of modulating devices which may be utilized in practicing my invention; and

Fig. 18 is a curve showing the selective absorption characteristic of the gases preferably utilized in certain of said modulation devices.

The embodiment of the invention illustrated in Fig. 1 comprises a high frequency generator I, such as a magnetron oscillator, electrically con- 'nected to a dipole antenna 3 located inside a i 9 located therein and connected to a radio receiver II.

In the past it has been customary to signal over such a radio beam by modulating the high frequencyv energy at the generator itself, in which case the modulated radio energy is impressed upon the transmitting antenna. It is difflcult to obtain a radio beam of constant low wave length having amplitude modulation, for the reason that it has been found in practice that the modulating device at the generator may cause the frequency of the generator output wave to change.

In accordance with the above-mentioned embodiment of my invention, 1 pass the radio beam through the electric discharge of a modulating device I2 positioned in the path of the radio beam and electrically independent of the high frequency generator. This device comprises an envelope l3 filled with a gas, such as one of the noble gases, which can readily be ionized.

Electrodes l5 and I! are positioned inside the 55 the direct current potential of source l3, while"- the degree of ionization is varied in accordance with the modulating voltage-appearing across the secondary 23. I have found that such a device will produce an undistorted modulated radio beam at the receiver. 'For example, if voice currents are put through the primary 21, the voice can be heard at the receiver in its original undistorted form.

The modulating device I2 may be positioned to intercept the radio beam at any point, although obviously the preferred position is relatively close to the transmitter reflector 5. If desired, the envelope may be placed inside the transmitter reflector, itself;

The modulating effect caused by the ionized gas is due to various properties of the gas. modulating voltage varies the,,density and distribution of ionization within the envelope and hence the electrical and optical properties of the gas, such as dielectric constant, conductivity,

coefficient of absorption, coemcient of refiection, diffuse scattering, temperature, etc.

The above described apparatus provides substantially pure amplitude modulation. The stability of the transmitter is much better than that of the usual short wave transmitter since the oscillating circuit of the generator is not seriously interferred with. In fact, the only interference with the oscillating circuit is that produced by the small amount of energy which may be reflected from the ionized gas back into the reflector. This reflected energy may vary the load on the antenna slightly. q Where a plane of ionized gas is utilized for modulating, the energy reflected therefrom may be prevented from reaching the transmitter reflector by setting the modulating reflector at an angle to the axis of the radio beam, as explained in the above-identified Wolfi patent.

- A further advantage inherent in this type of system is that a radio beam of greater intensity can be obtained from a given oscillator, since the oscillator may be adjusted for maximum output without regard to whe1e the operating point lies on the characteristic curve of the oscillator. That is, the oscillator and modulator adjustments are independent of each other.

If desired, in the system shown in Fig. 1, am-

plitude modulation may be put on the beam at the generator I in a conventional manner and this modulation added to the modulation produced by the tube 12, care being taken to keep the two modulations in phase.

In Fig. 2 are shown both my improved receiver and a modification of the modulating device illustrated in Fig. 1. The modulating device 29 comprises a spherical envelope 3| containing gas which may be ionized by a suitable potential across two electrodes 33 and 35. In this modification the electrode 33 is a metallic ring which is coated on the inside of the envelope 3 l The electrode 35. is

a conductor extending through the center of the through a conductor 43 and a blocking condenser The general effect of the modulating device 23 is the same as that of the device l2 shown in Fig. 1. It will, however, produce one additional effect upon the beam since it is designed to act as a diverging lens when the ring electrode is negative. The amount that the beam is caused diverge is dependent upon either the degree r distribution of ionization of the gas,or both. It

follows, therefore, that even if the other properties of the gas, mentioned above, were unchanged,

the device would modulate the beam solely by the lens action. Ifdesired, the modulating device 23 may be employed with the specific form of modu- The lating circuit shown in Fig. 1. L

The electric lens 23 is described and claimed in U..S.'Patent No. 2,085,406, which issued on application Serial No. 687,575, filed August 31, 1933, in the name of Vladimir K. Zworykin, J

'I'hereceiving apparatus illustrated in Fig. 2 includes a gas-filled tube 30 positioned at or near the principal focus of a parabolic reflector 32. Preferably, the tube 33 is placed at the principal focus of the reflector: 32 although this exact position is not essential for satisfactory operation. The tube 30 comprises an envelope 34 filled with a gas, such as neon, which can be readily ionized by means of a voltage applied across two electrodes 36 and 33 mounted in the envelope 34.

Two conductors 40 and 42 serve both as a support for the tube 30 and as means for connecting the electrodes 36 and 33 to a source of ionizing potential 44 through a resistor 46 and the primary winding 43 of an audio-frequency transformer 50. The transformer 50 transfers the current variations of the tube circuit to an audiofrequency amplifier 52 which has a loud speaker 54 connected to its output circuit;

v The present theory of operation of my receiver is based upon the apparently correct assumption that the modulated radio beam varies the degrees of ionization of the gas in tube 30. Since the degree of ionization varies in accordance with the amplitude of the received energy, the current transferred to the audio amplifier 52 will correspond to said variations in amplitude. That is, the audio amplifier output will correspond'to the modulation on the radio beam.

The degree of ionization of the gas in tube 3! probably is varied by the passage of theradio beam through the gas. It may be, however, that the received beam sets up varying potentials on the electrodes, and that these potentials cause the change in ionization.

In the embodiment shown in Fig. 3, the receiving and transmitting apparatus of Fig. 1 is shown in connection with a modulating means in which the ionized gas device 41 has two electrodes 43 and 5! so arranged that a plane of ionized gas is formed inside the envelope 53. The plane of the ionized gas coincides with the plane of the electrode 49. Preferably the spacing between the grid wires 55 of the electrode 49 is small in comparison with the wave length of the radio beam, and the gas pressure is such that the Crookes dark space is small in comparison with the spacing between the. grid wires 55.

Ionization may be maintained by means of current having a super-audible frequency. audible frequency generator indicated at 51 is connected to a modulator 59 which may be of any of the well known designs. The modulating frequency may be supplied from a microphone 6| connected to the modulator 59. If desired, the ionizing and modulating potentials may be applied to the electrodes 49 and by means of either the circuit shown in Fig. 1 or the circuit shown in Fig. 2, in which case the electrode 49 is negative, being connected to the negative terminal of the direct current source.

When using a grid composed of wires as one electrode, as illustrated in Fig. 3, certain precautions must be taken to insure proper operation of the device. It is well known that a transmitter of the type shown generates a radio beam which is strongly polarized in the plane of the dipole antenna 3, for example, in a vertical plane. Since the grid wires 55are spaced closer together than one wave length, they will act as a reflector, substantially the same as a solid sheet of metal, if they are placed so that they run parallel to the plane of polarization. This difflculty can be avoided by so placing the electrode 49 that the closely spaced wires 55 are perpendicular to the plane of polarization, or in the example given, placed so they are horizontal.

If desired, a third electrode may be employed for varying the degree of ionization of a modulating device 63 as illustrated in Fig. 4. The transmitter and receiver of Fig. 1 are shown in connection with a further modification of modulator means. In this arrangement, a constant ionizing potential is impressed across electrodes 65 and 61 through a resistor 59, while the modulating voltage is impressed upon a control grid H through an audio frequency transformer 13 shunted by a resistor 15. Preferably, the control grid H is negatively biased with respect to the anode 65, as by means of a battery 11.

While the degree of control of the ionized gas discharge obtained by means of the control grid 1| will not be very great, it will be suflicient for modulating the radio beam, especially if the control grid H is placed in the Crookes dark space.

In the form of my invention illustrated in Fig. 5, the ionized gas modulating device 19 is shaped in the form of a prism so that the radio beam will be bent as it passes through the prism. Its construction will hereinafter be explained. The amount of bending will depend upon the degree of ionization of the gas, and may be controlled by means of the modulating circuit illustrated, which is the same as the circuit shown in Fig. 1, or, if preferred, by means of the circuits shown in Figs. 2 and 3.

In order to obtain undistorted modulation by means of the system shown in Fig. 5, the receiving reflector 1 should be placed in a certain definite location with respect to the energy distribution in the radio beam which is in the form of a cone.

The energy distribution in the beam is indicated by the curve 8|. It will be noted that the amount of energy is greatest at the center of the cone and that at each side of the center of the cone there is a portion of the curve between the points A and B which is substantially a straight line. It

is desirable to have the portion of the beam corresponding to this straight line portion swing back and forth in front of the receiving reflector I. This will be accomplished if the center line of A super- U the cone is swung between the limits indicated on the drawings.

The prismused in the system of Fig. 5 may be constructed in various ways. One form of construction is shown in Fig. 11 to which attention is directed, along with Fig. 5. This prism may comprise a single long tube 83 which is bent back and forth upon itself and shaped in the form of a prism. The tube is filled with a gas such as neon, for example, which can be ionized by means of two electrodes 85 and 81, one at each end of the tube 83.

When the length of the radio beam is such that the reflector 5 must be relatively large in comparison with glass envelopes which can at present be made readily, it may be desirable to so design the reflector 5 that the beam is focused by the reflector as shown in Fig. 6. This permits the use of a smaller envelope 89 for the free electric charges, since it may be placed at or near the principal focus of the reflector 5 where the crosssection of the radio beam is small. After the beam passes through the device 89, its rays may be made substantially parallel by means of a. lens 9| so that the beam can be directed to a remote receiving reflector I. As illustrated, the device 89 may comprise a hot cathode, a control grid, and an anode for producing a plane'of pure electron discharge in the path of and at right angles to the radio beam. By varying the potential on the control grid and thus varying the intensity of the discharge, between the cathode and anode, the radio beam may be modulated.

In Fig. '7, there is illustrated an embodiment of my invention which makes possible the transmission of a sharply defined modulated beam of radio energy. When forming a beam of radio energy even at wave lengths cf a few centimeters, it is difficult to obtain a beam of small cross-section which is sharply defined since the wave length is not extremely small in comparison with the reflector dimensions as in the case of light.

In the apparatus shown in Fig. 7, the reflector, indicated at 90, is made large enough to sharply define the energy radiated from the dipole antenna 92. The resulting beam necessarily has a fairly large cross-section so that the location of the receiving reflector need not be very exact to receive part of the beam. This may be undesirable in some instances, as in the case of secret signaling.

Therefore, instead of modulating the entire beam, I position one of my ionized gas modulating devices 94 in the path of a portion of the radio beam. The device 94 will cast a modulated shad ow which will be smaller in cross-section than the beam itself and will, in effect, give a sharper radio beam.

The device 94 is of a type which modulates by absorption, reflection, and/or scattering, that is, it should not be a type which'disperses the beam. The device 94 illustrated in Fig. 7 is shown in detail in Fig. 10. It comprises a long gas filled tube 95 bent back and forth upon itself to form a rectangular grid. Electrodes 91 and 99 are provided at each end of the tube 95 by means of which the gas may be ionized. The spacing between adjacent portions of the tube 95 should preferably be relatively close and in any case less than one wave length of the radio beam.

Instead of the device shown in Fig. 10, either the one shown in Fig. 3 or the one shown in Fig. 13 (and described hereinafter) may be utilized.

My invention is not restricted to beam transmission systems, but may be applied to transmitting systems in which the radio energy is radiated in all directions. For example, as illustrated in Fig. 8, a dipole antenna 86 mounted upon'a nonconducting mast 98 may be surrounded completely by ionized gas enclosed in a long glass tube I OI. In this arrangement, the high frequency generator I03 connected to the antenna may, for example, generate energy having a wave length of the order of two or three meters.

The modulating circuit comprises a source of direct current potential I05 connectedto electrodes I01 and I09 positioned at the ends of the tube IIII toprovide a modulating device. The electrode circuit includes a resistor II I and.the secondary II3 of an audio frequency transformer H5. The primary II1 of the transformer is connected to a microphone II9 through a potential source or battery I 2|.

Instead of a dipole antenna, one of the type illustrated in Fig. 9 may be enclosed by the envelope IIII. In Fig. 9, however, the antenna is not located in the ionized gas, so that it is in contact with the gas, but is surrounded by a. hellcal tube of ionized gas which may be wound as shown, or otherwise disposed around the antenna. In this arrangement, electrodes indicated at I23 and I25 at the ends of the gas filled tube I21 are connected to a modulating circuit, which is the I ductance coil I29.

In constructing my ionized gas modulating de vice, many variations of the structures illustrated may be utilized. Some examples of such variations are illustrated in Figs. 12 to 1'7,

Fig. 12 illustrates a form of tube which may be substituted for the tubes I2 and 29 shown in Figs. '1 and 2, and comprises a gas filled envelope I 31 having a cylindrical electrode I39 and a rodlike electrode I4I concentric with the cylinder I. When employed'for modulation purposes, the tube is preferably positioned with the electrode Ill parallel to the axis of the radio beam.

Fig. 13 illustrates another electrode arrangement for obtaining a plane of ionized gas. This device comprises a gas filled envelope I43 in which electrodes I65 and I41 have interleaving elements 9 and I5I, respectively. The elements I49 and lil may be in the form of rods, all positioned in the same plane. Itis apparent that with this structure, the plane of ionized gas coincides with the plane of the electrodes I45 and I41.

The ionization of the gas in a modulating device may be obtained by the use of either an external coil I53, as shown in Fig. 14, or external electrodes I55, as shown in Fig. 15, and the use of ahigh frequency ionizing potential. The tubes ,shown in Figs. 14 and 15 may be substituted for the tube 41 shown in Fig. 3 and satis- 4 factory modulation of the radio beam obtained,

providing a high frequency source, such as a radio frequency source, is substituted for the super-audible frequency source 51.

In Fig. 16 there is illustrated an arrangement in which a dipole antena I51 is enclosed in a gas filled envelope I59 to form one of the ionizing electrodes. The other electrode is indicated at I6I. When using this device, the ionizing and modulating potentials may be impressed across the electrodes I51 and I6I by a circuit like the one shown in Fig. l. The connection to the antenna electrode I51 is made at a voltage node on the conductor I60. If a radio beam is to be transmitted, the envelope I59 will be positioned at the proper point inside a reflector.

Fig. 17 illustratesa device for modulating a radio beam by reflecting the beam a variable amount. The gas filled envelope I63 contains a cathode I65 in the form of a wire grid or grating, which may be either plane or curved, and an anode I61. If the proper potential is impressed across the electrodes I65 and I61, a layer of ionized gas will form along the surface of the cathode I65. This ionized plane of gas will reflect a certain percentage of the energy in a radio beam. The reflecting property of the plane of gas may be utilized in a communication system by pos tioning .the receiver in the path of the refiected beam. As the reflecting ability of the gas layer is varied by the variation in ionization, the amount of reflected energy which reaches the receiver will vary in accordance with the variation in voltage applied to electrodes I65 and I61.

My invention is not restricted to the use of an ionized gas discharge. Any other type of discharge may be employed which provides a region containing free electrical charges. For example, the use of a glow discharge, a corona discharge, a spark discharge, a pure electron discharge, a pure positive ion discharge, comes within the scope of my invention. Also, it is obvious that ionization of the gas may be produced by agencies other than those illustrated. For example, I may ionize the gas of a modulating tube by means of ultra violet light, X-rays, heat, or any combination of these. I

The nature of the gas employed in the various modulating devices described may vary widely. Either pure gases or gas mixtures may be employed, but preferably noble gases are used. The

gas pressure may vary from zero, where there is a pure electron discharge, up to the highest pressure at which a discharge can be produced.

It will be understood that the pressure of the' gas in tubes such as the ones shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 10 should be such that a uniform glow or region of ionization fills the greater part of the envelope. In general, this pressure will be less than the pressure in tubes such as 53 and IE3, shown in Figs. 3 and 13, respectively, where the flow is to be confined to the region of an electrode.

Since some ionized gases show selective absorption for certain wave lengths due to plasma oscillations of electrons or ions, greater eiilciency of modulation and demodulation may be obtained by operating near or at such absorption band.

Fig. 18 shows how one of my modulating devices operating in the neighborhood of an absorption band (the device shown in Fig. 1, for example),

will absorb the radio beam as the current through the modulating device is changed.

It is well known that certain gases exhibit a resonant eiIect which causes them to absorb a comparatively large amount of energy having a wave length corresponding to the resonant point of the gas. Assume that a radio beam of a certain wave length is impressed upon one of my gas modulating devices as shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, or Fig. 3, for example. If the gas pressure is made the proper value, the current through the modulating device can be Increased until the gas absorbs the beam the maximum amount, that is, a resonant peak is obtained.

This resonant effect may be utilized in modulating the beam by adjusting the current through the modulating device until the point a: on the curve is reached. The modulation then varies the modulating tube current about the point a: so that the absorption of the radio beam is varied between the limits :1 and z.

The selective absorption eifect may be utilized also with the demodulator shown in Fig. 2. In utilizing this effect, the unmodulated radio beam will be directed into the receiving reflector 32 and the current through tube 34 brought to a value (as by adjusting resistor 46) corresponding to the point a: on the curve shown in Fig. 18.

With such an adjustment, variations in the radio.

beam intensity (amplitude modulations) will produce comparatively large variations in the current flowing through tube 34.

It will be apparent that various other modifications may be made in my invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, and I desire, therefore, that only such limitations shall be placed thereon as are necessitated by the prior art and are imposed by the appended claims.

I claim:

1. The method of receiving and translating electromagnetic waves of radio frequency in a directive type receiver including a reflector and an envelope containing a gas which comprises focusing said waves on said gas by means of said reflector ionizing said gas, creating a flow of current through said ionized gas, maintaining within said gas an absorption band whereby said waves are detected, and translating variations in said current established by said waves.

2. The method of receiving and translating electromagnetic waves of radio frequency which comprises creating a flow of current through a confined ionized gas located in the path of said waves, adjusting the ionization of said gas so that said waves are near an absorption band for said gas whereby said waves are demodulated, and translating variations of said current into signals created by the passage of said waves through said as.

3. Apparatus for demodulating electromagnetic waves of radio frequency comprising a gas-filled envelope positioned in the path of said waves for the detecting of said radio frequency waves, electrodes located inside said envelope and connected to a receiving device, and means for maintaining said gas in an ionized condition and including therein an absorption band for the detection of said waves.

4. Apparatus for receiving and demodulating a beam of electromagnetic energy of radio frequency, said apparatus comprising a reflector of the type having a principal focus, a gas-filled envelope positioned in the region of said focus, electrodes positioned within said envelope and connected to a translating device, and means for maintaining said gas in an ionized condition and including therein an absorption band for the demodulation of said radio energy.

5. Radio apparatus comprising a reflector for receiving and concentrating a beam of modulated electromagnetic energy of radio frequency, a gasfilled envelope positioned in the region of said concentration, electrodes positioned within said envelope and connected to a translating device,

and means for maintaining said gas in an ionized condition and including therein an absorption band for the demodulation of said radio energy.

6. Radio apparatus comprising a reflector for receiving and concentrating a beam of modulated electromagnetic energy of radio frequency, means for creating a region of electric discharge located in the area of said concentration and including a number of electric charges which are near an absorption band for said energy, and a translating device connected to a circuit which includes said electric discharge as a portion thereof, said electric discharge device being in condition for demodulating said radio energy.

7. Radio apparatus for demodulating a beam of electromagnetic energy of radio frequency, said apparatus comprising a reflector of the type having a principal focus, a gas-filled envelope positioned at said principal focus, electrodes positioned within said envelope and connected to a translating device, and means for maintaining an electric discharge through said gas and including therein an absorption band for the demodulation of said radio energy.

8. Apparatus for receiving and demodulating a beam of electromagnetic energy of radio frequency, said apparatus comprising a reflector of the type having a principal focus, a region of free electric charges positioned in the region of said focus, electrodes positioned within said region and connected to a translating device, and means for maintaining a number of free electric charges within said region substantially at an absorption band for the demodulation of said radio energy.

ERNEST G. UNDER. 

